unterHUNDs Research
Dog Behavior Research
This section provides science-based articles on dog behavior, cognition, stress and training. The research summaries draw on findings from neuroscience, behavioral science and animal welfare studies to explain how dogs think, learn and respond to their environment.
118 articles. Every claim is referenced, and every study comes with a note on how far its findings reach.
Looking for practical help with your own dog? Our guides for dog owners put this research into plain, everyday steps.
These articles are written in English and aimed at trainers, behavior consultants and veterinary professionals. Deutschsprachige Beiträge findest du im Hunderatgeber.
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Conflict and Reconciliation in Dogs: How Dogs Resolve Disputes
After a squabble between two dogs, many owners expect a gesture of peace: a lick, a nudge, a shared walk back to the sofa. The idea that dogs make up after a fight, just…
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Mounting Behavior in Dogs: Sex, Play, Arousal or Conflict?
A dog mounting another dog, a cushion or a visitor's leg is usually read in one of two ways: as sexual behavior or as a bid for dominance. The research supports neither s…
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Neophilia and Neophobia in Dogs: How Dogs Respond to the New
A new toy is grabbed within seconds, a new garbage can on the usual walking route is circled at a distance for days. Both reactions belong to the same dog, and both are r…
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Territorial Behavior in Dogs: Do Dogs Defend a Territory?
A dog that barks at the fence when someone walks past is usually described as territorial, and the word suggests a wolf guarding the borders of its land. The research dra…
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Dogs and Wolves Compared: What Domestication Changed
Dogs are often described as tamed wolves, and wolf behavior is still used to explain what dogs do and how they should be trained. The research that compares the two direc…
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Boredom in Dogs: Does It Exist, and How Can It Be Measured?
Few explanations for dog behavior are used as often as boredom. A chewed shoe, a dog that follows its owner around the house or barks at nothing: the dog must be bored. Y…
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Behavioral Synchronization Between Dogs and Humans: What Studies Show
Many owners notice that their dog stops when they stop, speeds up when they speed up and looks where they look. Research has started to measure this, and several studies…
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Facial Expressions in Dogs: Puppy Dog Eyes, DogFACS and What Faces Reveal
A raised inner brow, flattened ears, a relaxed open mouth: people read dog faces constantly, and the "puppy dog eyes" have become a famous story about how domestication s…
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Scent Marking in Dogs: What Urine Marks Communicate
A dog that stops at every lamppost is not emptying its bladder twenty times. It is depositing and reading scent marks, one of the oldest communication systems in canids.…
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Calming Signals in Dogs: What the Research Supports
Head turning, lip licking, yawning and sniffing the ground are widely taught as calming signals: behaviors a dog uses to calm another dog or a person and to prevent confl…
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Play Signals in Dogs: How Dogs Communicate "This Is Play"
When two dogs play, they chase, pin, grab and bite, using movements that also belong to fighting and hunting. That play rarely turns into a fight is usually credited to p…
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Anticipatory Behavior in Dogs: Excitement Before Rewards as a Welfare Signal
Most dogs know when a walk is coming before the leash is in anyone's hand, and many announce dinner long before the bowl is filled. Welfare science has taken that kind of…
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Environmental Enrichment in Dogs: What It Is, What It Changes and How to Measure It
Puzzle feeders, snuffle mats and chew toys are sold as enrichment, and the word suggests that more is always better. The research is narrower than the marketing. Most con…
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Owner Effects: How Owner Personality and Attachment Relate to Dog Behavior
Anxious owner, anxious dog: the idea is popular, and it often arrives as a reproach. The research behind it is real but narrower than the slogan. Most studies are cross-s…
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Touch and Petting: How Dogs Respond to Being Handled
Most people touch dogs without thinking about it, and most assume the dog enjoys it. The research is more conditional. Petting can work as a reinforcer, and in several st…
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Overweight in Dogs: What the Evidence Shows and Which Lever Actually Works
Six in ten dogs are above ideal weight when they are measured; seven percent have it recorded. What that costs, and why more walking is the weaker of the two levers.
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Self-Awareness in Dogs: What the Experiments Can Show
Why the mirror test is the wrong instrument, what the olfactory versions found, and why body awareness is the best-evidenced part of canine self-representation.
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Word Learning in Dogs: Object Names and the Gifted Few
What Rico and Chaser actually demonstrated, how rare object-name learning is, and what recent neural work says about the ordinary dog.
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Behavioral Assessment in Dogs: From Description to Plan
A behavior assessment has to answer four questions in order: what exactly does the dog do, in which situations, what factors may maintain it, and what else could explain…
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Adolescence in Dogs: Puberty, Attachment and Behavioral Change
The "teenage dog" is one of the most repeated ideas in dog training, and one of the few with direct canine evidence behind it. What that evidence shows is narrower than t…
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Episodic-Like Memory in Dogs: What Dogs Retain and for How Long
"Does my dog remember that?" is a stronger question than it sounds. A dog can be changed by an experience without later recollecting the event, and recognizing a person,…
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Cooperative Care in Dogs: What the Evidence Supports
Cooperative care — teaching a dog to take part voluntarily in husbandry and veterinary procedures instead of being restrained through them — answers a well-documented pro…
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Psychopharmacology in Dogs: What the Trials Show and What They Do Not
Few topics in dog behavior are argued about with as much certainty and as little reference to data as psychoactive medication. One side treats it as chemical restraint th…
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Compulsive Behavior in Dogs: Stereotypies, Tail Chasing and the Evidence
Tail chasing, spinning, shadow hunting, flank sucking, licking a leg raw: these behaviors are described in dogs as stereotypies, as abnormal repetitive behavior and as co…
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Overimitation in Dogs: Copying Actions That Do Nothing
Overimitation is the copying of an action that is visibly unnecessary for achieving a physical goal. In children the phenomenon is robust and often interpreted in social…
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Brachycephaly in Dogs: Health Evidence, Measurement and the Demand Problem
A French Bulldog snores through the night, tires on a summer walk, and its owner calls both normal for the breed. The description is accurate and it is the problem: signs…
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Trigger Stacking in Dogs: What Is Measured and What Is Assumed
A dog manages a lift, a delivery driver and a barking neighbor, then explodes at a dog across the road that it walked past yesterday without comment. The explanation offe…
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Predatory Behavior in Dogs: Sequence, Selection and Learning
A dog sees a rabbit and is gone. The owner reports that "the prey drive took over", and the phrase carries an explanation with it: something built up, reached a limit, an…
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Hearing in Dogs: Range, Deafness and What the Measurements Establish
Almost every account of canine hearing opens with the same numbers: dogs hear from around 67 Hz to 45,000 Hz, four times better than humans, and large dogs hear low frequ…
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Diet and Behavior in Dogs: Mechanisms, Trials and What Holds Up
Can you calm an anxious dog by changing its food? The question is reasonable, the recommendations are everywhere, and most of them rest on an argument that sounds compell…
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Maternal Care and Early Life in Dogs: How the Mother Shapes the Puppy
Puppies spend their first weeks almost entirely with their mother, and it is natural to assume that a more attentive mother produces a better adjusted dog. The research s…
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Generalization in Dogs: Why a Learned Behavior Is Not the Same Everywhere
A dog sits on the first word in the kitchen and looks straight through the same word at the park. The usual explanations are that the dog is distracted, that it is testin…
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Fear Periods in Dogs: What the Developmental Evidence Supports
Almost every puppy guide states the same two windows. A first fear period at eight to eleven weeks, a second at six to fourteen months, each lasting two to three weeks, t…
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Sleep and Learning in Dogs: What Polysomnography Has Established
A dog learns two new commands, then sleeps for three hours with electrodes on its head, and afterwards performs better than it did before. That sentence describes an actu…
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Conflict Between Dogs in the Same Household: What the Evidence Shows
Dogs living in the same home share limited space, repeated routines and access to resources that may become contested. In a UK owner survey, 8 percent of respondents repo…
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The Domestication Syndrome: What the Evidence Supports in Dogs
Floppy ears, white patches, a curled tail, a shortened muzzle, reduced aggression, extended juvenile behavior. The claim that domesticated animals converge on this packag…
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Neutering and Behavior in Dogs: What the Evidence Shows
Neutering is still widely recommended as a treatment for behavior problems, aggression above all. Three large questionnaire studies do not support that: longer exposure t…
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The Guilty Look in Dogs: What the Behavior Actually Signals
The lowered head, the averted gaze, the flattened ears — most owners read this as a dog knowing it did wrong. Three experiments have tested that reading directly, and all…
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Noise Sensitivity in Dogs: Prevalence, Pain and What the Evidence Supports
A dog presses itself into the gap behind the sofa on New Year's Eve, shaking, panting, unreachable. The owner sits nearby, blinds closed, radio on, and does the thing tha…
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Welfare Science and Quality of Life in Dogs
What the Five Domains Model covers, how well canine quality-of-life instruments are validated, why positive states resist measurement, and what changes a dog's welfare.
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Aggression in Dogs: Function, Warning Signals and Bite Risk
A dog bites a visitor in the hallway. The owner says it came out of nowhere, that the dog has never done anything like it, that he is not an aggressive dog. All three sta…
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Cognitive Bias in Dogs: Measuring Optimism, Pessimism and Mood
A bowl sits halfway between two places a dog knows well. On the left, bowls have always contained food. On the right, they have always been empty. The dog has never seen…
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Desensitization and Counterconditioning in Dogs
Two owners take the same advice for the same problem. Both expose their dog to the thing it fears, gradually, repeatedly, with food. After six weeks one dog is calmer. Th…
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Music and Auditory Enrichment for Dogs: What the Evidence Supports
"Music calms dogs" compresses several different questions into one sentence. Sound can change behavior in some stressful environments, but that does not show that dogs ex…
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Attention-Seeking and Demand Behavior in Dogs: What Holds Up
"My dog is demanding" is an attribution, not a behavioral diagnosis. What can be measured is what the dog does, the situation in which it happens, and what follows. That…
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Laterality in Dogs: Tail, Gaze, Nose and What Side Bias Shows
Dogs do not always wag symmetrically. In one laboratory study, dogs facing their owner showed a larger wag amplitude to the right, whereas an unfamiliar dog shifted the g…
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Fear Conditioning and Memory Reconsolidation in Dogs: From Neuroscience to Behavior Therapy
A dog treated successfully for its fear of the vacuum cleaner is calm around it for months — then panics again after a house move. Nothing was untrained. The fear had nev…
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Temperament, Personality, and Coping Styles in Dogs: Individual Differences in Behavior and Stress Response
One dog walks straight up to the new object in the garden. Another stops at four meters, looks, circles, looks again, and approaches thirty seconds later. Both eventually…
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Emotions in Dogs: What We Know and What We Do Not
What separates an emotion state from a conscious feeling, which frameworks the field uses, what can be measured, and where the claims outrun the data.
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Pain Masking in Dogs: Why Discomfort Is Hard to See
Dogs do not report pain in words. What they do is show changes in behavior, and those changes can be gradual enough to be attributed to age, character or training. The mo…
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Pheromones, Supplements and L-Theanine for Dogs: What the Evidence Supports
What the appraisals found for pheromones, alpha-casozepine, tryptophan, L-theanine and CBD, and how to read a calming-product study before believing it.
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Social Referencing and Social Buffering in Dogs
People change how dogs respond to difficult situations in two distinguishable ways. Dogs can look to a person for information about something uncertain and adjust their b…
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ADHD-Like Traits in Dogs: Attention, Impulsivity, Learning, and Self-Control
Some dogs cannot stay with a task for thirty seconds. Some cannot settle in a room where nothing is happening. Some cannot wait, ever, for anything. Owners describe all t…
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Puppy Temperament Tests: What They Predict and What They Do Not
Puppy tests are used to match litters to families and to select working prospects, and the evidence on how well they predict adult outcomes is unusually clear. A cohort f…
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Behavioral Flexibility in Dogs: Adapting When Rules Change
A dog checks the same spot on the counter every evening, months after the food stopped being left there. Another abandons a puzzle after two attempts and looks at its own…
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Learned Helplessness in Dogs: Control, Suppression, Recovery
A dog stops trying. It no longer offers behaviors during shaping, no longer investigates novelty, no longer attempts a problem it once solved. To an owner it may look lik…
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Time Perception in Dogs: Rhythm, Duration and Absence
"Does my dog have a sense of time?" hides several different questions. Dogs show daily rest-activity rhythms, can discriminate durations in controlled experiments, and ca…
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Reinforcement Schedules in Dogs: Learning and Maintenance
Two dogs receive exactly the same treat for exactly the same behavior. One gets it every time; the other gets it unpredictably, on average every fourth repetition. After…
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Social Learning in Dogs: Observation and Demonstration
A dog watches another dog work out a puzzle and solves it faster afterwards. A puppy hangs back from a novel object until its owner approaches it calmly. A dog trained on…
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The Genetics of Dog Behavior: What Genes Actually Explain
What heritability measures, why breed differences are large but predict little, what the gene searches found, and how genes and environment interact.
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Exercise and Dog Behavior: Does Tiring a Dog Out Make It Calmer?
"A tired dog is a good dog" is one of the most repeated pieces of dog advice. Large surveys do link activity, training and exercise with several behavioral outcomes — but…
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Controllability and Predictability in Dogs: Two Variables, Often Confused
Predictability and controllability are often treated as if they were the same welfare variable. They are not. Predictability concerns whether an animal can anticipate wha…
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Approach–Avoidance Conflict in Dogs: Competing Motivations
A dog that wants to greet a visitor but crouches with its tail tucked. A dog that starts toward a novel object and stops mid-step. A dog lunging at the end of a lead towa…
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Canine Body Language: What the Evidence Actually Shows
Canine body language is usually taught as a vocabulary: a lowered tail means fear, a yawn means stress, a play bow means an invitation, a lip lick means an attempt to cal…
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Why Dominance Fails as a Scientific Concept in Dogs
The idea that dogs continually test humans for rank, and that owners must physically assert authority to keep order, has outlasted the evidence that produced it by severa…
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Operationalizing Dog Behavior: Defining and Measuring What Dogs Do
What does it mean to call a dog aggressive? Does a single growl qualify? A stiff posture without sound? Is a dog fearful when it tucks its tail, or only when it flees? Th…
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Resource Guarding in Dogs: Definition, Prediction, Assessment and Treatment
A dog stiffens over a chew, eats faster when someone walks past its bowl, or picks up a stolen sock and carries it to another room. None of these involves a growl, and ea…
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Behavior Does Not Equal Emotion: Limits of Inferring Internal States from Observable Actions
A dog wags its tail. Happy? A dog lies still on its bed. Relaxed? A dog stops barking after a correction. Calm now? These readings feel automatic, and they rest on an ass…
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Extinction in Dog Behavior: Why Learned Behavior Disappears – and Returns
A dog that stopped jumping on visitors weeks ago jumps on the first guest after two quiet weeks. A dog that had made peace with the vacuum cleaner hides from it again aft…
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Prediction Error in Dogs: The Core Mechanism of Learning and Behavior Change
A treat that arrives when none was expected teaches more than the same treat delivered on schedule. A reward that fails to arrive when the dog was certain of it produces…
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Habituation and Sensitization in Dogs: When Repetition Helps
When something keeps happening, a dog can respond less each time or more each time. The first is habituation, the second sensitization, and both follow from the same inpu…
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Measuring Stress in Dogs: Cortisol, HRV, Behavior and Their Limits
Almost every applied study of dog welfare eventually makes a claim that a dog was more or less stressed. Cortisol, heart rate, heart-rate variability and behavior are com…
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Arousal Regulation in Dogs: Self-Control, Learning and Calm
A dog that performs a flawless recall in the garden cannot hear its name fifty meters from another dog. A dog that takes food gently at home will not touch a sausage at t…
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Dopamine in Dogs: Reward, Motivation and Learning
Why does a dog offer a flawless sit for a visible treat and ignore the same cue when a squirrel crosses the path? Why do some dogs seem to seek out training sessions whil…
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Vision in Dogs: Acuity, Color and What a Dog Can Resolve
Dog vision is usually summarized in three claims: dogs are colorblind, dogs see badly, and dogs make up for it with their nose. The first is wrong as stated, the second d…
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Self-Control in Dogs: The Role of the Frontal Cortex, Stress, and Training
Most owners read impulsive behavior as a training gap. A dog lunges at another dog, bolts after a squirrel, or cannot settle in an exciting place, and the conclusion is t…
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Learned Behavior vs. Emotional Response: Why Dog Training Sometimes Fails
A dog that sits reliably in the living room lunges and barks at a passing dog on the street. A dog that holds a long down at home trembles and hides when visitors arrive.…
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Dog–Dog Social Behavior: What Free-Ranging Populations Show
The pack model was taken apart, and rightly so. What replaced it was mostly silence: owners were told that dogs are not wolves and that dominance is a myth, and were left…
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Neurochemistry in Dogs: How Cortisol, Oxytocin, Dopamine and Serotonin Shape Behavior
A dog's behavior is not solely the product of training, breed, or personality. Beneath every learned cue, every emotional outburst, and every moment of calm runs a comple…
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Attachment in Dogs: How Early Experiences Shape the Human–Dog Bond
Attachment theory offers a robust framework for understanding the emotional bond between dogs and their people. In attachment paradigms, domestic dogs display all four ha…
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The Neurobiology of Frustration in Dogs: Violated Expectations, Measurement and Evidence
Frustration is something nearly every dog owner has watched unfold: the paw slapping the food bowl during a delayed meal, the desperate barking when a longed-for playmate…
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Testosterone and Aggression in Dogs - Separating Facts from Myths
For decades, testosterone has been cast as the primary driver of canine aggression — a hormonal switch that, once flipped, turns a calm dog dangerous. This narrative has…
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Dog Bites and Children: What the Risk Data Show and What Prevention Achieves
Children are among the age groups most often hospitalized for dog bites, and their rate has not risen. What the evidence says about the dog, the trigger, the warning, and…
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The Neurobiology of Anxiety in Dogs: From the Amygdala to Behavioral Disorder
Anxiety is one of the most common behavioral problem areas in dogs. Noise sensitivity and fearfulness affect a large share of pet dogs, and anxiety-related problems often…
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The Neurobiology of Play in Dogs: Development, Evidence and Limits
A litter of eight-week-old puppies wrestles for four minutes, breaks off, and falls asleep in a heap. Almost everything written about that scene is an inference. That pla…
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Breed and Behavior: Genetic Predisposition versus Individual Variation in Dogs
Breed labels are the shorthand of dog culture. Border collies are "trainable," terriers "feisty," certain molossers "protective" or "aggressive," and these expectations s…
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Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CDS) in Dogs: Neuropathological Mechanisms, Behavioral Expression, and Translational Insights
Aging brings gradual neurobiological change across mammals, but in dogs a subset of individuals develops something beyond normal aging: a pathological condition called Co…
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The Subtleties of Communication: How Dogs Decode Human Gestures and Facial Expressions
The communicative relationship between humans and dogs is a genuinely unusual case of interspecies social cognition. Dogs show unusually strong sensitivity to several hum…
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House Soiling in Dogs: Medical, Behavioral, and How to Tell Them Apart
Urine or feces indoors is an endpoint of a dozen different causes. How to describe the behavior so the description narrows the field, and what the evidence says for each…
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The World Through the Nose: How Olfactory Processing Drives Canine Behavior
Among the senses that shape the behavior of the domestic dog, olfaction is the primary sensory channel for many aspects of canine information processing. Where humans lea…
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Visceral Pain and Behavior in Dogs: When the Body Changes Behavior
Behavioral problems in dogs are often framed as issues of training, socialization, or environmental stress, and aggression, restlessness, hypervigilance, or a sudden loss…
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The Neurophysiology of Sleep in Dogs: Memory Consolidation and Emotional Regulation
For many owners, a sleeping dog is simply a resting dog — sleep read as a passive pause, a period of physical recovery and quiet. From a neurobiological standpoint it is…
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The Sensitive Period in Puppies: Neurobiological Foundations for Lifelong Learning
For decades, trainers, breeders, and veterinarians have known that the first weeks of a puppy's life carry outsized weight. The sensitive period — often loosely called th…
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The MDR1 Defect in Dogs: ABCB1, P-Glycoprotein and Drug Sensitivity
The MDR1 defect is one of the few canine genetic findings with an immediate, practical consequence: a four-base-pair deletion in the ABCB1 gene truncates P-glycoprotein,…
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Jealousy or Injustice? Exploring the Evolution of 'Fairness' in Canines
Few questions in canine behavioral science provoke as much debate — or as many knowing nods from owners — as whether dogs feel jealousy. The scene is familiar: one dog ge…
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Chronic Pain and Behavior: The Neurobiological Link Between Osteoarthritis and Aggression in Dogs
In veterinary behavioral medicine, aggression, irritability, and sudden behavioral change are often approached as behavior problems first and medical problems second — or…
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The Gut–Brain Axis in Dogs: Microbiome–Behavior Interactions and Clinical Implications
Over the past decade, the gut–brain axis has moved from the fringes of neuroscience to its center, reframing the gastrointestinal tract and the brain as one continuously…
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The Fallout of Aversives: Neurobiological Consequences of Punishment in Dogs
In canine training and behavioral medicine, few topics are as polarizing as the use of aversive methods. Their defenders point to rapid, visible suppression of unwanted b…
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Telomeres and Stress: How Chronic Anxiety Accelerates Cellular Aging in Dogs
Two dogs of the same age can be biologically very different, and telomeres are one of the few ways that difference becomes measurable. The idea that follows is attractive…
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Vocal Communication in Dogs: Barks, Growls and What They Carry
Barking is discussed as a nuisance, growling as a warning to be respected or suppressed, whining as attention-seeking. What the sounds themselves contain is rarely asked…
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Emotional Contagion in Dogs: Can Human Stress Influence Canine Stress Responses?
Dogs are extraordinary readers of human emotion. Thousands of years of living alongside us have tuned them to our gestures, faces, voices, and moods, and a large literatu…
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The Neurobiology of Separation Anxiety in Dogs: Beyond “Spite” to Survival
Separation-related problems are among the most common reasons dogs are brought to behavior professionals, and among the most misread. A dog that howls, shreds the doorfra…
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Aversive Training Methods in Dogs: Neurological Effects, Stress Responses and Long-Term Welfare Risks
The use of punishment and aversive tools in dog training — shock collars, prong and choke chains, harsh physical corrections, intimidation — has been argued over on scien…
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Reactivity Is Not Aggression: The Neuroscience of the Lunging Dog
Two dogs bark and lunge at the end of the lead when another dog appears fifty meters away. In one, the behavior functions to make the other dog go away. In the other, it…
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Coprophagia in Dogs: What One Large Survey Found and What the Parasitology Says
Sixteen percent of dogs eat feces frequently, the large survey found no association with reported diet, and nothing has been shown to stop it reliably. Where the standard…
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Canine Logic: Do Dogs Understand Cause and Effect?
When we train a dog to sit for a treat, the behavior reliably produces a reward. But does the dog understand why it works — or is it simply repeating a reinforced associa…
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Metacognition in Dogs: Do They Know What They Don't Know?
We know dogs react to the world. The harder question is whether they can, in any sense, reflect on the contents of their own minds — whether a dog can register that it la…
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The Merle Gene in Dogs: Genetics, Health Risk and Welfare
A breeder pairs two dogs, neither of which shows any merle pattern, and produces a litter containing a mostly white puppy that is deaf in both ears. Nothing about the par…
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Chronic Stress in Dogs: Neurobiology, Cortisol and Long-Term Behavioral Impact
You punish the growl, and tomorrow it comes back louder. You comfort the trembling, and the fear does not fade. You have tried training, corrections, maybe a different tr…
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Cognitive Abilities in Dogs – Why Our Canine Companions Are Smarter Than We Think
Dogs are cleverer than the "just an instinct-driven animal" caricature allows, and decades of research support that in specific, well-tested domains. Their skill at readi…
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Oxytocin in Dogs: Bonding, Trust, and Stress Regulation — What the Evidence Shows (and What It Doesn't)
Oxytocin, a nine–amino-acid neuropeptide synthesized in the hypothalamus, is frequently invoked to explain the closeness of the dog–human relationship. A growing body of…
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Epigenetics in Dogs: How Experiences Affect Their Genetic Makeup
Epigenetics describes how environmental factors and individual experiences can influence gene activity without changing the DNA sequence itself. Where classical genetics…
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The Neurology of Dog Behavior: How the Brain Shapes Learning and Training
A dog's behavior is not random. It emerges from the interplay of neural, hormonal, and experience-based processes, and over the past two decades neuroscience has begun to…
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Soundboards and Talking Buttons in Dogs: What the Evidence Shows
Videos of dogs pressing recordable buttons that say "outside", "play" or "mad" have reached millions of viewers, and many of them suggest that dogs are holding conversati…
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Reward Value in Dogs: Food, Toys, Praise and Petting
Training advice often ranks rewards as if they had a fixed value: food at the top, then toys, then petting, with praise somewhere in between. The research does not suppor…
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Behavioral Aging in Dogs: What Changes Beyond Cognitive Decline
When an older dog slows down, sleeps more or stops responding when called, the explanation that comes to mind first is usually cognitive decline. Cognitive dysfunction is…
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The Clever Hans Effect in Dogs: How Human Cues Shape Behavior, Training and Research
More than a century ago, a horse appeared to solve arithmetic problems by tapping its hoof, until a psychologist showed that it was reading tiny, unintended movements of…
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Sex Differences in Dog Behavior and Cognition: What the Data Show
Male or female? The question comes up before almost every new dog, and it usually carries expectations: males bolder and more likely to fight, females more attached and e…
For dog owners: the unterHUNDs guides cover behavior, training, health and everyday life in practical terms, with the same sources behind them.